Many different types of batteries U1544 battery , U4873 battery , UD260 battery commonly used batteries are batteries, battery, and the small size of the micro-cells. In addition, there are metal – air batteries, fuel cells and other cells, such as solar energy conversion, thermal batteries, nuclear batteries.
Batteries
One is the commonly used carbon – zinc dry batteries (Figure 3). Cathode is a cylinder made of zinc, containing ammonium chloride as the electrolyte, a small amount of zinc chloride, inert filler and water mix to a paste electrolyte, cathode is bound to four weeks of manganese dioxide mixed with a carbon paste electrolyte rod. Electrode reaction is: Negative Department of zinc atoms into zinc ions (Zn + +), release of electronics, cathode Department ammonium ion (NH) were electrons into ammonia and hydrogen. Expel hydrogen with manganese dioxide to eliminate polarization. Electromotive force of about 1.5 volts.
Battery
Many types, the common characteristic is that after many rounds of charge and discharge cycle, re-use.
Lead-acid batteries
The most commonly used, the plate is made of lead alloy grille, the electrolyte of diluted sulfuric acid. Bipolar plates are covered with lead sulfate. But the charge, the cathode plate at a very lead sulphate into lead dioxide, lead sulfate cathode Department into metallic lead. Discharge, then the chemical reaction occurs in the opposite direction.
Lead-acid battery electromotive force of about 2 volts, commonly formed in series 6-volt or 12 volt battery. The battery discharge sulfuric acid concentration decreases, the electrolyte can be measured approach to determine the proportion of the need for rechargeable laptop battery charging process, or whether it can end.
Has the advantage of lead-acid batteries discharge more stable electromotive force disadvantage than the energy (per unit weight of the charge storage can be) small, the environmental corrosion resistance.
From the positive plate group, the negative electrode plate group, composed of electrolyte and containers. Charge after the positive plate is the brown lead dioxide (PbO2), the negative plate is a gray velvet-like Lead (Pb), when the bipolar plate placed in a concentration of 27% ~ 37% of the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aqueous solution, the very plates of lead and sulfuric acid chemical reaction, divalent lead ions (Pb2 +) transferred to the electrolyte, in the negative board leaving two electronic (2e-). Positive and negative charge due to gravity, lead positive ions gathered around the negative plate, while the positive plate in the electrolyte under the action of water molecules in a small amount of lead dioxide (PbO2) infiltration of the electrolyte, in which two oxygen ions and water prices compounded , so that lead dioxide molecules which can be dissociation of an unstable substance – 〔lead hydroxide Pb (OH4〕). Lead hydroxide, lead prices by 4 positive ions (Pb4 +), and 4 hydroxyl 〔4 (OH) -〕 composition. 4 price of lead ions (Pb4 +) remain in the positive plate, so that positively charged anode plate. As the negative plate with a negative charge, which arose between the bipolar plate a certain potential difference, which is the battery EMF. When connected to the external circuit, current flows from the positive anode. In the discharge process, the negative e-board continuous flow positive by the external circuit board, this time in the electrolyte sulfuric acid molecules within the ionization due to positive ions into the hydrogen (H +) and sulfate anion (SO42-), in the ion under the action of electric field strength , both positive and negative ions respectively to move sulfate anion to reach the negative plate of lead, after the positive ions together to form lead sulfate (PbSO4). In the cathode board, since the digital from the external circuit flows, while the price of lead and 4 positive ions (Pb4 +) Synthesis of 2 price of lead ions (Pb2 +), and immediately with the positive plate in the vicinity of the sulfate anion attached together to form lead sulfate on the cathode.
As the batteries 1X793 battery , 2M400 battery , 2P700 battery discharge, positive and negative plates are subject to sulfide, while the sulfuric acid electrolyte gradually reduced, while the moisture increased, leading to decline in the proportion of the electrolyte in actual use, the proportion of the electrolyte can be measured to determine the battery’s discharge degree. In normal use, the lead-acid batteries discharge should not be excessive, otherwise the will and the active substance mixed with a small lead sulfate crystals to form a larger body, which not only increase the resistance of the plate, but also in charge when it is difficult to make it again restore, build a direct impact on the capacity and life of the pool. Charging lead-acid batteries is the reverse process of discharge.
Lead-acid battery voltage stable, the use of a wide range of temperature and the use of current can be several hundred charge and discharge cycles, storage performance is good (especially suitable for dry-charged storage), a lower cost and therefore widely used. Uses a new type of lead alloy, can improve the performance of lead-acid batteries. As for lead-calcium alloy grid, which would ensure minimum lead-acid Inspiron XPS M170 battery float current, reducing water and extend the life of Tim; use of lead-lithium alloy casting is grid, you can reduce the self-discharge and meet the sealing requirements. In addition, the open-type lead-acid batteries should be gradually replaced by sealed, and the development of anti-acid, explosion-proof type and extinction of hydrogen-type lead-acid batteries.
Lead crystal battery
Application of lead-crystal battery is proprietary technology, using high-conductivity silicate electrolyte is the traditional lead-acid battery electrolyte complex variant, non-acid mist formation process is finalized within the innovation process. Processes are first of these technologies at home and abroad, the product in the production, use and waste pollution problem does not exist, more in line with environmental protection requirements, due to lead-crystal battery to replace the sulfuric acid solution with silicate as electrolyte, thereby overcoming the lead-acid batteries life is short, not high current charging and discharging of a series of shortcomings, more in line with the essential conditions of power batteries, lead crystal battery will also power the battery on the field a tremendous boost.
Lead-crystal battery than the lead-acid battery has an unparalleled advantages:
1, lead crystal battery life long
Lead-acid batteries in general charge and discharge cycles are about 350 times, while the lead-crystal battery discharge 60% of the rated capacity under the premise of cycle life 700 times, equivalent to twice the life of lead-acid batteries.
2, high-rate discharge performance is good
A special process to make lead-crystal cell with a high-rate discharge characteristics, general lead-acid batteries discharge only 3C, the largest lead crystal battery discharge can reach 10C.
3, deep-discharge performance is good
Lead crystal battery depth of discharge to 0V, to continue to charge restore full rated capacity, this property is relatively difficult to achieve in terms of lead-acid battery level.
4, low temperature performance is good
Lead crystal battery temperature to adapt to a broader scope, from -20-50 ℃ can adapt to, especially in the case of -20 ℃, discharge can reach 87%. The vast numbers of low-temperature region is a rare choice for high quality goods.
5, environmental protection and good
Lead crystal cells used in new materials, new processes and new formulations, there is no mist of harmful substances such as volatile, on land, rivers, etc. will not cause pollution, more in line with environmental requirements.
Iron-nickel battery
Also known as Edison 75UYF battery . Lead-acid battery is a battery, with different iron-nickel battery electrolyte is alkaline potassium hydroxide solution, is an alkaline battery. His is an extremely nickel oxide, iron is extremely negative. Charge and discharge the chemical reaction is
Electromotive force is about 1.3 ~ 1.4 volts. The advantage is lightweight, long life, easy maintenance, drawback is that efficiency is not high.
Ni-Cd Battery
Nickel hydroxide is an extremely, extremely negative cadmium electrolyte is potassium hydroxide solution, charge, discharge of chemical reaction is
The advantage is lightweight, anti-seismic, long life, commonly used in small electronic devices.
Silver-zinc battery
Silver oxide is an extremely, extremely negative zinc, potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte solution.
Silver-zinc battery than the energy major, can high-current discharge, shock, as Astronautical, satellites, rockets and other power. Charge and discharge times of up to about 100 to 150 cycles. Its drawback is that expensive and a shorter life.
Fuel Cell
The fuel in the combustion process of a release of chemical energy directly into electrical energy. The difference with batteries is that it can be from outside the respective regions to the two electrodes and continuously add the fuel and oxidizer without charge. Fuel cell by fuel (such as hydrogen, methane, etc.), oxidants (such as oxygen and air, etc.), four parts such as electrodes and electrolyte composition. The electrode has catalytic properties, and is a porous structure, in order to ensure the activity of a larger area. Work pass into the anode fuel and oxidant pass into the cathode, their respective catalytic electrode under electrochemical reaction to get energy.
Fuel cell to the energy released by combustion reaction directly into electrical energy, so its energy utilization, and high efficiency of heat engine is equal to about two times. In addition, it also has the following advantages: ① equipment, lightweight; ② not made noise, little pollution; ③ continuous operation; ④ high power output per unit weight. Thus, it has been applied in the Astronautical, in various areas of military and civilian has been widely used to show the future.
Solar
To the energy of sunlight into electrical energy. The day when the light irradiation, resulting in terminal voltage, to be current, for satellite, spacecraft in the solar cell is a semiconductor made of (commonly used silicon photovoltaic cells). Sunlight solar surface, the semiconductor PN junction on both sides of the formation of potential difference.
Battery temperature
Then two kinds of metal into a closed circuit, and the two joints at different temperatures to maintain generate electromotive force, that is, temperature difference electromotive force, which is called the Seebeck effect (see the thermoelectric phenomena), such a device called a thermocouple or a thermocouple. Metal thermocouple electromotive force generated by a smaller temperature difference, commonly used to measure the temperature difference. However, the thermocouple when the series into a thermopile, also can be used as a small power supply, which is called the FRU 08K8193 battery temperature. Made of semiconductor materials with temperature batteries, thermoelectric effect stronger.
Nuclear batteries
The direct conversion of nuclear energy into electrical energy devices (the current nuclear power generation device is the use of nuclear fission energy to heat the steam to drive generators, are not able to release the nuclear fission process in the direct conversion of nuclear energy into electrical energy). The usual nuclear batteries include the β-ray radiation (high-speed electron flow) of radioactive sources (such as strontium -90), collecting the set of these electronic appliances, and electronic appliances from the radioactive source to set adopted by the insulation of three parts. Radioactive sources into one end of the loss of negatively charged cathode, current collectors at one end to be negatively charged as negative. In the radioactive source and the collector electrode formed between both ends of the potential difference. Such nuclear batteries can produce high voltage, but the current is very small. It is used in satellites and spacecraft can be long-term use.
Galvanic cell
The first discharge (continuous or intermittent) to the depleted battery capacity and can not be effectively used for charging method to return to the status of pre-discharge the FRU 92P1137 battery . Feature is easy to carry, without maintenance, can be long-term (months or even years) storage or use. Primary batteries are mainly manganese batteries, zinc-mercury batteries, zinc-air battery, solid electrolyte batteries and lithium batteries. Zinc-manganese battery is divided into two kinds of dry batteries and alkaline batteries.
Zinc-manganese dry battery
Manufacture of the first mass-produced so far is still the original battery. There are two kinds of cylindrical-type and stack-type structure. It features easy to use, inexpensive and abundant sources of raw materials, suitable for a large number of automated production. However, not enough stable discharge voltage, capacity, discharge rate by a greater impact. Suitable for small and medium-discharge rate and the use of intermittent discharge. A new zinc-manganese dry battery using high concentrations of zinc chloride electrolyte, manganese dioxide fine powder and cardboard pulp layer structure, so that the doubling of capacity and life are, and improved sealing performance.
Alkaline zinc-manganese batteries
With alkaline electrolyte instead of a neutral electrolyte, zinc-manganese batteries. There are two kinds of cylindrical and button type. This battery has the advantage of large capacity, voltage stability can be large current continuous discharge can be at low temperature (-40 ℃) at work. This battery can charge and discharge under the conditions specified dozens of times.
Zinc-mercury batteries WW116 battery , XD187 battery , XD736 battery
Robin S. from the United States invented the battery, also known as Robin. Was the first invention of a small battery. There are two kinds of button-type and cylindrical type. Discharge voltage is stable, with less stringent requirements can be used as voltage standard. The disadvantage is poor low temperature performance (can only be used at 0 ℃ and above), and toxic mercury. Zinc-mercury battery has been gradually replaced by another series of batteries.
Zinc-air battery
With oxygen in the air as the cathode active material, so more than large capacity. There are two kinds of alkaline and neutral series, the structure there are two kinds of wet and dry. Wet alkaline battery is only one, using NaOH as electrolyte, inexpensive, multi-made high-capacity (100-an-hour or more) fixed-size batteries used for railway signals. Dry batteries there are two kinds of alkaline and neutral. Neutral air-dry raw material-rich, low price, but only in small currents at work. Alkaline batteries can be large current discharge of air than the energy of large, continuous discharge intermittent discharge performance than the good. All the air-dry batteries are affected by environmental humidity, the use of short duration, reliability is poor, can not be used in a sealed condition.
Solid Electrolyte Battery
As the solid electrolyte ionic conductors, sub-high temperature, room temperature categories. There are high-temperature sodium sulfur batteries, can be high current work. There are silver iodine battery at room temperature, the voltage of 0.6 volts, is expensive, has not yet been applied. Has been used in a lithium-iodine battery voltage is 2.7 volts. This highly reliable battery can be used for cardiac pacemakers. But the battery discharge current can only reach microampere level.
Lithium batteries
With Lithium battery anode. It is 60 years later developed a new high-energy batteries. Used by the different electrolytes are divided into: ① high-temperature molten salt lithium battery; ② organic electrolyte lithium batteries; ③ inorganic non-aqueous electrolyte lithium battery; ④ solid electrolyte lithium battery; ⑤ lithium-water battery. Lithium battery has the advantage of single cell voltage higher than the energy of large, long storage life (up to 10 years), high and low temperature performance, and can be used in the -40 ~ 150 ℃. The disadvantage is that expensive, security is not high. Another voltage hysteresis and security issues to be improved. In recent years great efforts to develop power batteries and the emergence of a new cathode material, lithium iron phosphate materials in particular, the development of lithium power development of much help.
Reserve Battery
There are two ways to activate, an electrolyte and the electrode is kept separate from the use of the electrolyte into the battery pack before the activation, such as magnesium seawater batteries, reserve batteries and zinc chromate-type silver batteries. Another is to use molten salt electrolyte, when the electrolyte is not conductive at room temperature before use light heating agent will quickly melt and activate the electrolyte, known as thermal batteries. This battery can be calcium, magnesium or lithium alloy anode, KCl and LiCl as the electrolyte, low total melt, CaCrO4, PbSO4 or V2O5 such as cathode, to zirconium powder or iron powder as a heating agent. Fully sealed structure can be used long-term storage (10 years). Reserve batteries suitable for a particular purpose.
Standard Battery
The most famous is the standard battery Whiston, sub-saturated and unsaturated two kinds. The standard electromotive force of 1.01864 volts (20 ℃). Non-saturation voltage temperature coefficient is about saturation of the 1 / 4.
Paste-type zinc – manganese dry battery
From the zinc cylinder, electric paste layer of manganese dioxide cathode, carbon rods, copper cap so on. The outermost layer is a zinc cylinder, it is both the negative terminal of the battery also doubles as a container, in the discharge process it is to be gradually dissolved; Central is a set of flow from the role of a carbon rod; tightly around the root is the carbon rod a by a dark brown or black manganese dioxide powder with a conductive material (graphite or acetylene black) posed by a mixture, which, together with the carbon rod constitutes a battery anode body, also known as carbon package. In order to avoid water evaporation, the upper dry seal with paraffin or asphalt. Zinc – manganese dry battery work for the zinc pole of the electrode reaction: Zn → Zn2 + +2 e
Cardboard-type zinc – manganese dry battery
In the paste-type zinc – manganese dry battery based on the improvements made. It to a thickness of 70 ~ 100 micron non-metallic impurities in high-quality kraft paper as the base, with a good paste transfer coating on its surface, made of cardboard and then through the dryer to replace the paste-type zinc – manganese dry battery in the paste electrolyte layer. Cardboard-type zinc – manganese dry battery of the actual discharge capacity of more than ordinary paste-type zinc – manganese dry batteries 2 to 3 times higher. Marked “high performance” the word mostly dry cardboard type.
Alkaline zinc – manganese dry battery
The electrolyte from the amalgamation of zinc powder, 35% potassium hydroxide solution, as well as some sodium carboxymethyl cellulose formed by gelatinization. Because the freezing point of potassium hydroxide solution, low internal resistance is small, so alkaline zinc – manganese dry battery in -20 ℃ temperatures, and can high-current discharge. Alkaline zinc – manganese dry battery can be charge-discharge cycles 40 times, but depth can not be discharged before charging (retaining 60% to 70% of capacity), and the need to strictly control the charge current and charge end-voltage.
Stacked-type zinc – manganese dry battery
By a few compact flat-shaped cells stacked together constitute a single. Every single cell by a plastic shell, zinc, leather, conductive film, as well as separator paper, charcoal cake (positive) component. Separator paper is a kind of suction surface of starch with electrolyte layer of coated paper, which attached to the skin above the zinc; separator paper is above the carbon pie. Paste-type dry battery separator paper as in the electric paste layer, isolated from skin zinc anode and cathode of the role of the carbon pie. Stacked-type zinc – manganese dry battery minus the cylinder-shaped paste-type dry batteries in series combination of the trouble, its compact structure, small size, the volume ratio of large capacity, but the short storage life and large internal resistance, thus the discharge current should not be too large.
Alkaline Battery
Lead-acid batteries with the same capacity compared to its small size, long life to high-current discharge, but the higher cost. Alkaline battery plate active material divided by iron-nickel, cadmium, nickel, zinc and silver storage battery series. Nickel-cadmium batteries, for example, alkaline battery works are: battery plates of the active substance in the charge, the positive plate of nickel hydroxide 〔Ni (OH) 3〕, the negative electrode plate for the metal cadmium (Cd); while the discharge terminated, positive plate into nickel hydroxide 〔Ni (OH2)〕, negative plates into 〔cadmium hydroxide Cd (OH) 2〕, multi-use potassium hydroxide electrolyte (KOH) solution.
Metal – air battery
With oxygen in the air as the cathode active material, the metal as the negative electrode active material of a high-energy batteries. The use of the metal is generally magnesium, aluminum, zinc, cadmium, iron, etc.; electrolyte for the aqueous solution. zinc-air battery which has become a mature product.
Metal – air battery has a high specific energy, it is because the air does not count the weight of the battery inside. zinc-air battery than the battery energy is currently produced in the highest, and reached 400 watt hours / kg (Wh / kg), is a high performance medium-power batteries and high-power battery positive direction. Current production of metal – air batteries is a battery; research and development of the secondary metal – air batteries for the introduction of machinery to replace metal electrode rechargeable batteries. As the metal – air batteries work to keep supply of air, so it can not be in a sealed state or the lack of air environment. In addition, the battery in the electrolyte solution vulnerable to the fallout of the air humidity decreased battery performance; oxygen in the air and spread through the air electrode to metal electrodes to form a corrosion cell caused by self-discharge.
Nano Battery
Nano that is 10-9 meters, nano-nano-battery that is material (such as nano-MnO2, LiMn2O4, Ni (OH) 2, etc.) produced by batteries, nano-materials with special microstructure and physical and chemical properties (such as the quantum size effect, surface effect and tunnel quantum effects, etc.. domestic battery is a mature technology of nano-nano-carbon fiber battery. mainly used in electric vehicles, electric motorcycles, electric bicycle on. the kinds of rechargeable battery cycle 1000 times, continuous use up to 10 years on a single charge only take about 20 minutes, flat-road travel up to 400km, weight 128kg, has surpassed the United States, Japan and other countries the level of the battery car. they produce nickel-metal hydride battery charging takes about 6-8 hours Ping Road trip 300km.
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